Final project; Plate Tectonics Theory.

A.       Sea floor spreading happens when the ocean see floor is extended when two plates move apart from each other. As the plates move apart form one another rocks break and a crack is formed between the two touching plates.

Mid-Ocean Ridges form when the sea floor plates move Earthquakes occur and magma rises and meets or seeps out on the ocean floor, also called undersea volcano. As the magma piles up along the water, it cools down and becomes hard, which adds to the edges of the sideways moving plates. As the plates move and the magma builds up it then becomes 'constructive' and makes new ridges under water.

Subduction Zones are after results of when a mid ocean ridge forms. Subduction zones are smaller pieces of mid ocean plates that form which melt back into the Earth and become new thick layers of rock.

Earthquakes occur when the outer, brittle portions of plates induce stress that result in movement of the overlying plates. The stresses from convection can also deform brittle portions of overlying plates there by storing tremendous energy within the plates. Once the plates stress is exceeded brittle zones break suddenly which release the stored energy.

Mountain Ranges form when one tectonic plate big or small moves and collides into another plate, as the plates put pressure on each other one of the plates surfaces either goes up or down and mountain rangers  are formed. typically for two plates to run into each other and from mountains both must be the same density and or material.


B.    Mantle Convection  moves using the concept of heat flowing through the earths rocky mantle which is soild rock made up of magma, It rides on the very top of the earths surface and as the plate tectonics move the mantle is there for shifted in different ways and changes the flow of magma and the pressure of the earths surface in places. Mantle is added to the growing edges of a plate when sea floor spreading occurs, the hot added material cools down by conduction and convection of heat. At the edges of the plate where the material thermally contracted cools down and becomes more dense, it sinks under its own weight in the process of the subduction at an ocean trench.  


C.  Plate tectonics only move a few centimeters a year. The way the plates are loctaed is everywhere there is a volcano or earth quake its marked on a map and usally they will outline where a plate lays. The world was once a super continent and over the years the worlds surface moved and now the earths plates lay where they are now.

 http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/graphics/Fig2-5globes.gif
 

http://www.pacificislandtravel.com/nature_gallery/platetectonics4.gif

 
http://www.go2add.com/images/LookingAtCrusts/ConvectionInTheMantle.gif


Bibliography.
http://library.thinkquest.org/17457/platetectonics/4.php
http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Glossary/PlateTectonics/description_plate_tectonics.html
http://www.platetectonics.com/book/page_11.asp
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantle_convection

ACT science

1. 32 out of 40
2. The things that could better improve my skills are a better understanding of the info being read.
3. More knowledge would improve the understanding of the topic and questions.
4. I do think higher questions could improve but at the same time also make the topic harder to understand.
5. Im not doing so good on my final project only because i havent chosen what i want to do.

Sewer Treatment plant

    What i learned about the water treatment plant is how the water is ran through many machines and how its cleaned, i also learned how much water can be ran through the cleaning processes, dispite the smell the water treament plant and the vast opening of job careers is very intersting.
     what i would do deffently about the water treament plant is the way of income, they need a better more stable way for the treament plant to stay sucessful for a long time.

   Recycling is the only way the world is going to survie unless we keep adding to the pile of junk we could be recycling, i have recycled for about 2 years now and i will never stop because it is now a daily process for me, plus id like to live as long as possible.

The day after tomorrow post

    5 observations are one the mass storm that was hitting the united states, two three storms all located  over the world, three abrupt climate change, global cooling instead of warming, five how fast the temp. rapidly droped to a frezzing temp.

First discussion Abrupt climate change- When scientists speak about abrupt climate change they mean within five or ten years up to a century. For on-screen drama, events was compressed to a couple of days to weeks and, put simply, Ice Ages do not occur, nor do they retreat, overnight. Climate change has happened a couple of times over the last 13,000 years but, unlike in the movie, never in a few days time. A complete shut down of the Gulf Stream is possible and is believed to have happened in the geologic past however, it is not expected to occur within the 21st century. It would require a 9°F (5°C) average global temperature increase to create all the conditions necessary for a complete stoppage of this ocean current.

Second discussion Can Global warming causes global cooling instead- Yes it can, but not over several days as depicted in the movie. Over geologic time Earth has gone through several ice ages followed by inter-glacial warming periods. One possible cause of major periods of glaciation is a change in the tilt of Earth's axis causing a corresponding change in the intensity and location of sun isolation.

 1.How could climate change happen? The climate change would happen over many years not just in a few weeks to a few months.

2. Could it happen like it did in the movie. No i dont believe it could happend like it did in the movie The day after tomorrow because the mass amount of  changes can not happen in only a few months.

3. How can climate change effect the issue you did your research on? The change could effect the time it takes for the world to have a "super storm" and many facts of scientist can prove that a super storm will not happen in a matter of days, weeks, nor months.

Glaciers

-Where they are located.
Most of the world's glaciers are found near the Poles, but glaciers exist on all of the world's continents, even Africa. Althrough Australia doesn't have any glaciers.　


-Climate issue, variables needed. The amount of precipitation is important to glacier survival. In areas such as Antarctica, where the low temperatures are ideal for glacier growth, very low annual precipitation causes the glaciers to grow very slowly.
Variables for a Glacier to move is that under the pressure of its own weight and the forces of gravity, a glacier will begin to move, or flow, outwards and downwards. Valley glaciers flow down valleys, and continental glaciers flow outward in all directions from a central point.

-Explain the impact on the environment.
Like great rivers of ice, they have sculpted mountains and carved out valleys. They continue to flow and shape the landscape in many places today.
Common all over the world, glaciated valleys are probably the most readily visible glacial landform. Similar to fjords, they are trough-shaped, often with steep vertical cliffs where entire mountainsides were removed by glacial action. One of the most striking examples of glaciated valleys can be seen in Yosemite National Park, where glaciers literally sheared away mountainsides, creating deep valleys with vertical walls. So therefore they change the shape of the world in dramtice ways.



-Explain the impact on people and economy.The impact is good other then the fact that the water from all these glaciers that are melting are over taking over dry land and avalanches happen. Today, glaciers often are tourist attractions in mountainous areas. But glaciers are also a natural resource, and people all over the world are trying to harness the power of these frozen streams. glaciers provide water to people living in the city of La Paz, Bolivia. In Switzerland's Rhone Valley, farmers have irrigated their crops for hundreds of years by channeling meltwater from glaciers to their fields.


-How and when are warnings issued.
scientists study glaciers by monitoring glaciers over time and around the world, researchers construct valuable records of glacial activity and their response to climate variation.

-Describe the how technology used to predict your climate topic works.By comparing contemporary observations with historical and environmental records, such as agricultural records, pre-historic temperature or climate profiles, glaciologists acquire and provide an enhanced understanding of global processes and change

1. http://nsidc.org/glaciers/
2. http://www.fs.fed.us/r10/tongass/forest_facts/resources/geology/icefields.htm
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier
4. http://jove.geol.niu.edu/faculty/fischer/429_info/429trips/NIF/Glaciers.htm

Bad Astonomy Posting.

1. Bad Moon Rising:          The Moon does spin.
-What did you think before, I thought that the moon never truly spun by itself, i always thought it was stuck in one spot rotating with the earth around the sun.
-What did you learn, I learned that the Moon actually does spin. It spins around the earth due to earths gravity. The reason we see the same side of the moon every night is because that is when the moon is fully visable to the naked eye.

2. The Sky at Night:
         All starts look white.
-What did you think before, Yes all starts look white because most are so bright and to the naked eye that is the only color we see.
-What did you learn, I learned that starts actaully emit all the colors of the rainbow, so therefore to the naked eye white is the only color we see.

3. A Step Farther Out:
        Tides, the Earth, the Moon, and  why our days are getting longer
-What did you think before,  The tides are caused due to the Moon's actiavite which causes the water to shift back and forth in weird ways. The Earth is a clloster of things from different starts which exploded at one time. The Moon is an object of ice, rock, and other metarials grouped togther from exploded stars, the moon orbits the earth because of the earths gravity and mass. The Days get longer because of the shift of the earth facing the sun and the seasons of the earth, summer we get more sun because we are tilted more towards the sun, winter we are pointed more aways.
-What did you learn,

NASA, Black holes

1. Using visible light i see the Moon, Sun, Planet, Red giant, and Supernove remnant.
   Using X-rays i see the Milky way center, Crab Nebula, Quasar, Saturn(planet), and Andromeda.
    Using Radio waves i see the Quasar, Betelgeuse, Andromeda, Cygmus, and Milky way center.

2. Voyage to Cyguns-X1 we passed the Moon, all the planets, and 3 plantary Nebula's.
   Voyage to Andromeda we passed the Moon, all the planets, 3 plantary Nebul's, and a supernova.

3. What is a black hole? A black hole is an object so compact that its gravitational is strong enough to prvent light or anything else from escaping.
   What is inside a black hole? We cannot glimpse whats inside a black hole because light cannot reflect back, which makes it completely black inside and impossible to see in or out.
   Do black holes live forever? Since nothing from a black hole can escape, black holes eventaully evaporate, which slowy retuns energy back to the planet.